The Nagas

Description of life on the march and in camp, comments on colleagues letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Phire-Ahire Thungare Zekwera Mokokchung 14.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Riv...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

First visit to "new" villages; a Naga's service in France; head-taking; friendly visits and hospitality letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Chirongchi Pukovi Smith/ Mr. Sangtams Sema Yimsungr Chang Chongtore...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Unusual weather; head-taking; photography letters Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Konyak Chongtore 16.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mills Ms. (4) Camp Chon...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Unpleasant weather; view from highest known village; officers' attitude to Nagas; Alarm Stations drill letters Smith/ Mr. Williams/ Maj. Chang Yimsungr Konyak Sangtam Helipong Kohima Mokokchung 17.11....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Ill health amongst expedition members; comments on duties of S.D.O.; meetings and gifts letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Smith/ Mr. Williams/ Maj. Ngaku Chang Yimsungr Kuthurr Helipong Chingmiren Mokokchu...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Health problems; inter-village hostilities; political manoeuvres, allies and hostile villages letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Chang Yimsungr Chentang Sangpurr Pangsha Panso Chin...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Construction of a fortified camp base; very friendly welcome at Chingmei; slavery letters Smith/ Mr. Chingmak/ of Chingmei Chingmei Pangsha 20.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxfo...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Unpleasant weather; head-taking; life in camp letters Chingmak/ of Chingmei Chingmei Panso Yimpang 21.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mills Ms. (9) Chingmei November 21st, ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

First visit to high-altitude village of Yimpang; use of pipers; confiscation of heads to punish slave-raiding letters Hutton/ J.H. Chingmei Yimpang Ponyo (Himbu) Saochu Waoshu (Waoshu) Noklak 22.11.19...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Plans to confront hostile village of Pangsha over slave-trading; crossbows and poisoned arrows letters Chingmei Yimpang Pangsha Noklak 23.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mi...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Concern over news from England about the King; own premonition of death letters King Edward VIII Simpson/ Mrs W. Chingmei Pangsha 23.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mills M...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Hostile confrontation with Noklak averted; inter-village relationships; destruction of Noklak's bamboo; fortifications letters Chingmak/ of Chingmei Upanso Williams/ Maj. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Chang No...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Approach to hostile village of Pangsha; burning of jhum lands; plan of assault letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Williams/ Maj. Langnyu R. Pangsha Noklak 25.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Arch...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Burning of Pangsha as punishment for slave-raiding; minor skirmishes letters Williams/ Maj. Balbahardur/ Subadar Nlamo Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Chongsema Lhota Langnyu R. Pangsha Noklak 26.11.1936 Mills/ ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Armed and hostile confrontation with Pangsha; looting letters Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Wenshoyi khel/ Pangsha Noklak Pangsha Chingmei Noko (Nokhu) 27.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archi...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Recouperation after hostilities; attempts to retrieve slaves by diplomacy letters Smith/ Mr. Williams/ Maj. Chingmei Panso Noko (Nokhu) 28.11.1936-29.11.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archiv...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Chang slave married into Himbu village and doesn't want to be rescued; conclusion of hostilities with oaths of peace; boundary with Burma letters Mongsen Chang Chingmei Pangsha Range Patkoi Ponyo (Him...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Resume of skirmish with Pangsha and situation to date regarding retrieval of slaves; inter-village hostility letters Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. King Edward VIII Simpson/ Mrs W. Chi...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Meeting with representatives of a "new" village, and continued attempts to free slaves letters Williams/ Maj. Smith/ Mr. Yakao Sangpurr Noko (Nokhu) Panso 2.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Description of objects collected in Yakao; provision of supplies; Burmese administration letters Lambert Smith/ Mr. Panso Yakao Pangsha Noko (Nokhu) Chindwin R. 3.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Description of Panso village; buying objects with red wool - money unknown letters Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Smith/ Mr. Williams/ Maj. Ngaku Angami Panso Noko (Nokhu) 4.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Continued progress with freeing slaves; dance at Panso; recommendations for gallantry medals letters Williams/ Maj. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Panso Noko (Nokhu) Pangsha Sanglao 5.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 P...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Comments on march and rations; visit to an inhospitable village letters Smith/ Mr. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Hutton/ J.H. Sangpurr Yakao 6.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mills ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Mills' summing-up of attempts to free slaves; injuries caused by panjis letters Pangting Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Chentang Sangpurr Panso Pangsha Ponyo Sanglao 7.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museu...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Injuries caused by panjis; problems with coolies; to Tuensang; finale of the slave-freeing operation; fines paid in kind letters Smith/ Mr. Kauffmann Williams/ Mrs. Williams/ Maj. Furer-Haimendorf/ C....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Courtesy calls in Tuensang village and purchase of items for museum with red wool letters Balfour Tuensang Kohima 9.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum Archive, Oxford Mills Ms. (27) Camp Tuen...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Naga songs; parting from Chingmak, an old friend; a difficult march; plans for publications letters Ngaku Chingmak/ of Chingmei Williams/ Maj. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Chang Lhota Longtang Dikhu R. 10.12....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Concluding stages of march; ill health; Hindu sepoys' songs and dancing; daos as gifts letters Williams/ Maj. Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Noksan Dikhu R. Lungkam Wokha Mt. Mokokchung 11.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Fishing camp on the Dikhu; comments on British constitutional crisis and on Naga medals letters King George V Simpson/ Mrs W. King Edward VIII Furer-Haimendorf/ C. Thakan/ of Litim Williams/ Maj. Smit...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Warm welcome from friendly villages at conclusion of tour letters King Edward VIII King George VI Williams/ Mrs. Williams/ Maj. Mokokchung Pangsha Kohima 13.12.1936 Mills/ J.P. 1936 Pitt Rivers Museum...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:10

Chapter I. Distribution and Movement of the Population. Naga Hills reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 The population of the Naga Hills has increased b 20,043 or by 12.6 per cent. The figure, however, includes ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter I. Distribution and Movement of the Population. Naga Hills J.P. Mills' analysis of the census reports Mills/ J.P. Mullan/ C.S. 1931 Nevertheless, Mr J.P. Mills, I.C.S., the Deputy Commissioner...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter I. Distribution and Movement of the Population. Naga Hills reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 1. Density, water-supply and crops] Naga Hills Mean density per square mile i...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter I. Distribution and Movement of the Population. Naga Hills reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 3. Variation in relation to density since 1881] Naga Hills Percentage of var...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter I. Distribution and Movement of the Population. Naga Hills reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 5. Persons per house and houses per square mile] Naga Hills Average number o...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter II. The Population of Towns and Villages reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary Table 1.] Distribution of the population between towns and villages Naga Hills Average population pe...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter II. The Population of Towns and Villages reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 2.] Number per mille of the total population and of each main religion who live in towns Naga H...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter IV. Age. reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary table 5.] Proportion of children under 10 and of persons 60 and over to those aged 15-40; also of married females aged 15-40 per 100 f...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter V. Sex reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary table 1.] General proportions of the sexes by natural divisions and districts. Number of females to 1,000 males (actual population) Nag...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VII. Infirmities insanity reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 85. The number of persons recorded as insane had increased by 1,327 since 1921....In the hills, however, although the proportion of insane p...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VII. Infirmities Deaf-mutism reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 In 1921, 1911 and 1901 the Naga Hills was far the worst district for deaf-mutism, yet the figures for 1931 show this infirmity is not muc...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VII. Infirmities Blindness reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 The hill districts - as at all previous censuses - have the highest proportion of blind. The Naga Hills and Manipur show an improvement sin...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VII. Infirmities Leprosy reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 94. It is distressing to note how few ... lepers are receiving proper care and treatment. There are only two small leper asylums in British t...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VII. Infirmities reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 1.] Number per 100,000 of the population at each of the last five censuses: Naga Hills ______________________Male______...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VIII. Occupation reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary Table 2a.] Distribution by sub-classes in natural divisions and districts. (a) Earners (principal occupation) and working depe...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter VIII. Occupation reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary table 2b.] Distribution by sub-classes in natural divisions and districts. (b) Earners (subsiduary occupation) Number per mill...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter IX. Literacy reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary table 2.] Literacy by age, sex and locality. Naga Hills Number per mille who are literate ____________________________Total___Mal...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter IX. Literacy reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Table 3.] Literacy by religion, sex and locality. Aged 5 and over. Number per mille who are literate ____________Males_____Females_________ ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter X. Language reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 Mr J.P. Mills, I.C.S., Deputy Commissioner of the Naga Hills, tells me that Kachha Naga (though a term which is in common use) is a meaningless expression...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter X. Language Tibeto-Chinese family. The Naga group. reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 138. ....The Naga group is one of the most interesting groups o the Assam-Burmese branch. The number of speakers of...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter X. Language reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary Table 1.] Distribution of total population by language _Language____________Total_number_____Number_per_mille___Where_chiefly _____...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter X. Language reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary table 2.] (a) Number per 10,000 of the total population who speak: Naga Hills Assamese as mother tongue: total - 46 as mother tong...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter X. Language reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsiduary table 3.] Comparison of tribe and language tables Tribe_and_language____Strength_of_tribe__Number_speaking_tribal_language ________...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter XI. Religion reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary table 2.] Distribution by district of the main religions. Naga_Hills__1931__1921__1911__1901__1891 Hindu_______361___390___282___3...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter XI. Religion reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 [Summary of Subsidiary table 3.] Christians - number and variations Naga Hills Actual number of Christians in ___1931___1921___1911___1901___1891 _22,908...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Chapter 12. Caste, tribe, race and nationality increase and decrease in certain castes and tribes reports Mullan/ C.S. 1931 156. ...The Lhotas who numbered over 22,000 in 1891 have gradually decreased...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S contact with civilization reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 The conditions obtai...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S exploitation of natural resources; Government's view on jhum land reports Mullan/ C....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S wage-labour in the plains reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 There is no systemat...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S communications spread disease reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Improved communi...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S rice beer; distilled liquor reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 The national drink...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S opium reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Opium is only consumed in certain areas....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S prostitution reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 The opening up of the cart road t...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S trade reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 While the extension of communications ha...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S Khonoma substituted trade for raiding reports Khonoma Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S prostitution reports Kohima Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 I have mentioned above the...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S dangers of education reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Education of the type whi...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S foreign dress reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Foreign dress is spreading slowl...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S use of corrugated iron reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Nagas who have taken wh...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S sacrifice of mithun, and head hunting reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Only two...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S effect on culture by missionaries reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Realising th...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S missionary suppression of alchohol reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 To any one ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S ceremonial dress, singing and dancing, suppressed by missionaries reports Mullan/ C....
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S effect of missions on wood-carving, xylophones and morungs reports Mullan/ C.S. Mill...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S effect on the Nagas of missionary suppressions reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix A. The effect on the tribes of the Naga Hills district of Contacts with civilization, by J.P. Mills, I.C.S reflections on the future for the Nagas reports Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 Times ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas reports Rengma <Western Khezha-Kenoma (Kheza-Kenoma) Therugu Mt. Insinyu (Kitagha) Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 1. The tribe is divided into a southern and a...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas megaliths reports Gwalu/ of Phesinyu Rengma <Western Silizuma (Phesinyu) 1929 Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 6. There is a certain amount of terraced cultivati...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas stone seats; houses; Feasts of Merit; house horns reports Rengma <Western Tesophenyu Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 8. Circular, or, more usually, semicircular...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas religion; myths about planets, storms and eclipses reports Rengma <Western Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 11. It is very vaguely believed that the sun is male ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas burial of the dead reports Rengma <Western Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 12. The dead are buried in the village. Sometimes a man will ask to be buried outside...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas souls of the dead reports Rengma <Western Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 13. The soul of the dead man remains in the village till the Ngada ceremony which mark...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11

Appendix B. (1). The Western Rengma Nagas appearance; agriculture; muscical instruments; weapons; heads reports Rengma <Western Mullan/ C.S. Mills/ J.P. 1931 14. The complexion is sallow. The hair is ...
Last modification: on 02 Nov 2011 at 16:08:11