The Nagas

Chapter Four. Above the Clouds elephant droppings below Wanching books Konyak Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 In the forest, only a little below the fields of Wanching, we came upon mounds of giant dro...
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Chapter Four. Above the Clouds cane bridge over the Dikhu river books Konyak Dikhu R. Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Deep down in the stuffy, jungle-filled valley we crossed the Dikhu River. Its flood...
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Chapter Four. Above the Clouds arrival in Tamlu, village with American Baptist mission books Konyak Tamlu Kanching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 That evening we reached Tamlu, a Konyak village lying ...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists ruined bachelor's hall in Ao village of Chantongia books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (46) The bachelors' hall overlooking the Ao village of Chanton...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists tin roofed chapel and missionary singing in Chantongia books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 A bell rang, feebly and tinnily, and the sound of singing ...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists harmful effects of missionaries, subverting Naga culture books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 People with serious faces came out of the chapel. There ...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists why bachelors' halls are no longer used books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I asked the "pastor" why the bachelors' halls were no longer used. "How c...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists curious attack by missions on Feasts of Merit books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Similarly, the Feasts of Merit, forbidden by the missionaries, fulf...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists disturbance to economic and ritual system by missions books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Social prestige was not their only reward. With every feast...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists attack on community spirit by individualistic Christians books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 ln Christian villages the rich, free of traditional obli...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists importance of rice-beer in Naga culture; missions attempt to prevent the use of alcohol books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 One of the main obstacles...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists effect of tea drinking as a substitute for rice-beer books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 As a substitute for rice-beer the Mission has introduced tea...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists ugly missionary churches books Ao Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Nothing shows this disparity more clearly than the churches you find in Ao villages. Mos...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists Naga wood carving threatened by missions books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 As it is, the Aos' highly developed art of wood carving is in danger of extinction....
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists some Nagas refuse to convert to Christianity books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 In the villages I visited with Mills, the mission had then not won a complete v...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists reasons for conversion books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Undoubtedly there must have been Nagas who embraced the Christian faith because they were impressed b...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists opposing views of Government officials and missionaries to the welfare of Nagas books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Government officials and missionaries took u...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists clash between Naga culture and the American Baptist missions books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It is a pity that the American Baptist Mission had little sympa...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists setting out for life alone with the Nagas books Nlamo Tsampio Mills Ao Mokokchung Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 At Mokokchung, a large Ao village and headquarters ...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists travel through the Naga countryside books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Several days later we made our way from Chantongia to Merangkong. The sun blazed down fr...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists tiger hunt at Merangkong books Ao Merangkong Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (52) The village of Merangkong, with its three rows of houses, one on top of the other, ...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists visit to house of man in Merangkong books Sakchimtuba Ao Merangkong Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Eventually I visited the house of a famous old man called (54) Sa...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists beautiful young Ao girls return to house books Ao Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Dusk had come, and the women of the house returned from the fields. They sat down a...
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Chapter Five. Heathens and Baptists discussion of supernatural events, gods and spirits books Sakchimtuba Ao Merangkong Chantongia Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I thanked my hosts for the delicious r...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain persistent rain and wind books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (56) I returned to Wakching and settled down to my work among the Konyaks and to the incess...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain depression and difficulties of fieldwork books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 There I sat in the rain, not making nearly as much progress with my work as...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain growing understanding books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Yet in those first weeks I was able to learn quite a lot about the people of Wakching, and tho...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain description of informant Chinyang; description of his tattoo books Chinyang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 There were two men who, more than...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain the morungs of Wakching books Chinyang Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Chingyang was proud to belong to the Oukheang morung, the oldest men's house of Wak...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain rivalries between morungs books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Nevertheless, there exists between the morung, in spite of the many kinship ties, a certai...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain declining birth-rate of morung blamed on end of head hunting books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It was this strong morung-feeling which led Chinyang to...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain head hunting causes fertility of women and crops books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 "In the old times we were men, now we are only a crowd of women," I...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain disease increased by contact between villages books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 This view contained no doubt an element of truth. Since head-hunting h...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain high mortality in Chinyang's family books Chinyang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Chinyang himself had had much misfortune. Three wives had ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain opium smoking not harmful to Chinyang books Chinyang Yongang/ Of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Chinyang, though an opium-smoker, was the soul o...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain Yongang and his three divorces books Yongang Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Yongang was slightly younger than Chinyang. He had a great (59) sense of humo...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain explanation by informants of Wakching social structure books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 These two gaonbura explained to me how Wakching was divided i...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain violent epidemic of dysentery and deaths in village books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 In these first weeks, when it poured with rain, there was little...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain death-rhythm of the drums at frequent deaths books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I was often wakened during the night by the sinister sound of the great...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain epidemic of dysentery spreads to other villages books Konyak Wakching Wanching Chingtang Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It was not only the drums of Wakching which boome...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain youths and girls setting up bamboo scaffold in burial ritual books Chinyak/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 On my way to the village one morni...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain girls strew leaves on path at death books Balang morung/ Wakching Chinyak/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 These were the morung friends of Ch...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain gifts offered after death books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 There was much movement in the village as gifts of betel, rice, and vegetables were being ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain ritual wailing and taboos after death books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It was ten o'clock then, and the wailing continued the whole morning. So we sa...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain a long bier carried into the house books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Early in the afternoon some old men carried an open bamboo bier into the house, a...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain exhorting the dead & carrying the corpse books Chinyak/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Time after time these same words were repeated; ti...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain family to feed corpse while head remains on body books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 After several minutes of lingering round the platform, during which...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain decomposing corpses books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 In the heat of the summer a corpse decomposes very quickly, and already on the day after the fun...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain wrenching head from body of corpse and cleaning of skull books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 When I went to the village on the sixth day after the funer...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain pigs gnaw the human bones books Nlamo Tsampio Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 My two Lhota companions, Nlamo and Tsampio, were horrified that the pigs sho...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain part of soul in skull, other part to land of dead books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I must admit that I was rather surprised that, after the care with...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain discussion about land of the dead books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Late that evening we sat on the veranda of my bungalow and looked over where the v...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain part of magical virtue of a man remains in skull after death books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 But a part of the soul, or rather a part of the magical...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain ritual of capturing soul of dead person for hunting luck books Shankok/ of Wakching Shouba/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The men of the The...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain unpleasantness of fieldwork during the rains; damp and disease books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Those weeks in August, when dysentery ravaged Wakchin...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain inexactness of knowledge of age books Ngamang/ of Wakching Dzeamang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 One morning I found Ngamang and Dzeamang ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain learning from two Naga boys books Ngamang/ of Wakching Dzeamang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 To the two boys the friendship with the "new ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain extensive kinship knowledge of boys books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 What a lot of things they knew! The whole genealogical tables of their families ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain Naga children as reasonable and independent ; kindness to children books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It is surprising what reasonable and independent ...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain contempt for brutal parents; failure of western education books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Parents generally speak to their children in the same quie...
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Chapter Six. Death in the Rain school not a success in Wakching books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The schoolmaster -- incidentally not a mission disciple, but a convinced adherent o...
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Chapter Seven. Fishing with Tactful 'Savages' news of a fishing expedition books Achin/ of Wakching Yongem/ of Wakching Nlamo Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (66) "Sahib, Sahib," I hear...
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Chapter Seven. Fishing with Tactful 'Savages' walk to the river books Konyak Wakching Shiong Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Everyone was in excellent spirits, and happy to leave the monotonous work on...
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Chapter Seven. Fishing with Tactful 'Savages' fish poisoning; swimming books Yongem/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It was a gay and boisterous crowd that was scattered ove...
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Chapter Seven. Fishing with Tactful 'Savages' exhausting journey home books Chinyang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Chingtang Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 But I was more dead than alive, and I began t...
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Chapter Seven. Fishing with Tactful 'Savages' arrival back exhausted books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Night fell and every moment flashes of lightning illuminated the country for w...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest food shortages Nagas as agriculturalists books Tsampio Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (73) "No eggs, Sahib," were the sombre words Tsampio chose for greeting...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest ancient shifting cultivation system described books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The Konyak's system of agriculture, with the continual shifting of fields,...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest elders decide on particular block of land for cultivation books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 From early autumn, when the elders of the Wakching council dec...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest property of Konyak scattered irregularly over whole area books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Unlike the land of many other farmers, the property of a Konyak...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest clearing of land work of individual families; burning forest books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The clearing of the land is the work of the individual fami...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest clearing charred wood, smoothing, digging earth; communal work gangs books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Before the sowing can begin, the charred pieces of ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest rituals before sowing the seed books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The Konyak performs no rites or ceremonies till the sowing begins. He realizes that the c...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest ceremonial of the first sowing books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The first sowing is a ceremonial sowing, a solemn act performed by a descendant of the vi...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest first sowing; men and women carrying seed-rice to fields books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 From now on you can see men and women hurrying to the fields, t...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest planting taro; importance of taro for Nagas books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Taro, on the other hand, a tubercular fruit found as far away as the islands...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest weeding the rice, hiring help for weeding, women weaving books Shankok Konyak Wakching Chingtang Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 When the luscious green of the young rice cov...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest rain shields worn while weeding; work gangs composed of inter-marrying morungs books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 This keeping pace with the weeds means we...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest feasts at the end of weeding books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (77) At the end of the weeding there are feasts in the field-houses, and these are the grea...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest drunken feast at end of weeding books Meniu/ of Wakching Shankok/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 One evening, as I was coming home with Shankok t...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest drunken revelry books Meniu/ of Wakching Henyong/ of Wakching Liphung/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 "Look, Sahib," whispered Shankok, "the boy ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest an honour to make a girl sick books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Funnily enough, the boys actually consider it an honour if finally they succeed in making ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest no reproach for drunken girls books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I followed at a distance up the hill, curious to see the reactions of the parents of these...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest girls often carry boys home books Shankok Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 "You should see, Sahib," remarked Shankok, smiling, "when the girls entertain the bo...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest parties at the end of weeding books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The end of the weeding is a joyous time, and is celebrated all over the village. Wealthy m...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest preparations for end of weeding feast books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 All morning the household of the host was busy with preparations, the girls indefa...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest uniformity of names books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 One after the other the girls, friends of the daughter of the house, trickled in. I asked one of the...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest girls awaiting boys in party books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The girls chatted eagerly to each other, and after a considerable time had elapsed we heard...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest boys eat food and chew pan at end of weeding feast books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 When at last the boys finished their song, they came into the house, ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest courtship after weeding party, singing books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 They seemed quite content sitting before the fire, and it was a long time before ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest young and shy girls books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 I heard next day that the party had lasted the whole night, and the young people had not gone to bed...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest the great village feast at the start of harvest, Ouniebu killing of pigs at Ouniebu festival books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 These small private parties...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest metal taboo in killing pigs for sacrifice books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The use of any metal instrument for slaughtering pigs is strictly taboo. The b...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest exchange of gifts at feasts books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 An exchange of gifts between the families related through marriage is a main feature of the ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest men and girls serenade and receive gifts at harvest feast books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 It was the night of the second feast-day, when the boys went t...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest abolition of head-hunting, so less dancing books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 In the old days the feast of the Ouniebu was brightened by dancing, for the y...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest visit to a field-house; cutting the rice and bringing it home books Dzeamang/ of Wakching Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The reaping was in full swing as I w...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest ownership of fields by individuals and morungs books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 The majority of the fields are cultivated by individual families, though ...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest reaping the fields, work groups, and threshing rice with feet books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 (82) One day, the boys of the Balang morung called to me a...
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Chapter Eight. The Harvest shyness of girls makes photography difficult books Konyak Wakching Furer-Haimendorf 6.1936-6.1937 Once more the shyness of the girls defeated me; they would run away with sh...
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