The Nagas

footnotes 12. See Appendix A. (missing) footnotes 85 12. See Appendix A. (missing) T86772
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footnotes 13. Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.115. footnotes 85 13. Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.115. T86773
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footnotes 14. The Western Nzemi claim that they still adhere to the orthodox rules of exogamy, and deplore the Central Nzemi custom of marrying within the moiety. footnotes 85 14. The Western Nzemi claim that they still adhere to the orthodox rules of exogamy, and deplore the Central Nzemi custom ..
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footnotes 15. Vide supra, p.38, et infra, p. 131, 156. footnotes 85 15. Vide supra, p.38, et infra, p. 131, 156. T86775
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footnotes 16. From kade (land) and -peo (a man). But -peo might also be here -peo (father) as in apeo (my father) and anapeo (father-of-my-child, i.e. husband), suggesting a conception of authority in kinship terms. footnotes 85 16. From kade (land) and -peo (a man). But -peo might also be here -..
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footnotes 17. This is also the pattern of succession to the Angami office of kemovo. The kemovo, like the Nzemi kadepeo, is a descendant of the chief founder, but unlike the kemovo, the kadepeo has relatively little ritual function. footnotes 85 17. This is also the pattern of succession to the ..
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footnotes 18. It is impossible for a widower to entertain in the way expected of a kadepeo, for he has no wife to pound paddy, cook and brew and attend to the other tasks which fall to the Nzemi woman. An unmarried man is regarded as a minor and has no authority. footnotes 85 18. It is impossible ..
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footnotes 19. Vide infra, p. (sic) footnotes 85 19. Vide infra, p. (sic) T86779
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footnotes 20. The kilt assumed at puberty is the nzing-ni, a strip of handwoven cotton 40 inches long by 15 wide. It is blue-black in colour, and is worn almost exclusively by unmarried man. footnotes 85 20. The kilt assumed at puberty is the nzing-ni, a strip of handwoven cotton 40 inches long by ..
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footnotes 21. Girls below the age of puberty may enter the hangseoki 'without shame' and when watching dances often sit on the benches in the body of the hall. footnotes 85 21. Girls below the age of puberty may enter the hangseoki 'without shame' and when watching dances often sit on the benches ..
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footnotes 22. The rahangmi still form a guard at night. Strangers arriving in a village after sundown are challenged from the hangseoki, and Government messengers travelling after dark may be provided by the kazeipeo with an armed escort of rahangmi with torches, as a protection against tiger and ..
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footnotes 23. Vide infra, pp. 107,154. footnotes 85 23. Vide infra, pp. 107,154. T86783
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footnotes 24. See also pp.107,154. footnotes 85 24. See also pp.107,154. T86784
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footnotes 25. Vide infra pp.141-2. footnotes 85 25. Vide infra pp.141-2. T86785
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footnotes 26. Vide supra, pp 28-9 footnotes 85 26. Vide supra, pp 28-9 T86786
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footnotes 27. An unmarried Nzemi youth is classed as a minor and his father is responsible for any debts he incurs. footnotes 85 27. An unmarried Nzemi youth is classed as a minor and his father is responsible for any debts he incurs. T86787
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footnotes 28. A case occurred at Laisong in 1940. An Impoi youth courted a Laisong girl. He was assaulted by the Laisong rahangmi, who objected to his instrusion, and the negotiators he sent to the girl's parents were repulsed on the grounds that he was an undesirable suitor. He and the girl eloped..
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footnotes 29. If a man dies before his son marries and the widow and children remain in the house, the eldest son takes over the house on marriage, his mother and younger brothers and sisters continuing to treat it as their home. A younger son marrying when his parents were well on in years, may ..
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footnotes 30. The Kabui Naga Feasts of Merit form a close parallel. footnotes 85 30. The Kabui Naga Feasts of Merit form a close parallel. T86790
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footnotes 31. It should be noted that the large-scale feasts may also fall into abeyance where villages are so great that such feasts become impossibly expensive. This has occurred in certain Angami villages. footnotes 85 31. It should be noted that the large-scale feasts may also fall into ..
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footnotes 32. In 1946 Ramkailungba of Hegokuloa stayed the night in a house in Jalwa and drank more than was wise. On seeing his host's wife, then a woman of 45, he remarked to his host that she had been a delightful girl and that he had greatly enjoyed her seduction before her marriage, some ..
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footnotes 33. A central Nzemi's hair is normally brushed down all round from the crown; it is cut to frame the face, and at the back it reaches the nape of the neck. It resembles some European styles of the 15th century. When uncut, the forehead hair falls over the eyes and is restrained by a ..
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footnotes 34. Vide infra, pp. 143-4, for a brief account of the final ceremonies for the dead. footnotes 85 34. Vide infra, pp. 143-4, for a brief account of the final ceremonies for the dead. T86794
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footnotes 35. Although women have no share in public business and the administration of the village, they still wield a considerable influence on affairs. When Nzemi were being recruited as guerrillas in 1942 for service against the Japanese, the reluctance of the women to allow their husbands to ..
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footnotes 36. Central Nzemi kinship will, it is hoped, be treated more fully later in a separate paper. footnotes 85 36. Central Nzemi kinship will, it is hoped, be treated more fully later in a separate paper. T86796
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footnotes 1. Mathai, meaning a headman, is a term in common use in North Cachar. Its origin is obscure. footnotes 85 1. Mathai, meaning a headman, is a term in common use in North Cachar. Its origin is obscure. T86807
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footnotes 2. The feast is called Hegwong-ngi, 'the chief's feast'. The Nzemi root -wong is found also in Kabui, with the same meaning of a chief or ruler. Compare the Konyak ang. footnotes 85 2. The feast is called Hegwong-ngi, 'the chief's feast'. The Nzemi root -wong is found also in Kabui, with ..
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footnotes 3. There is no information as to how frequently men not of Kadepeo Tsami served as administrative village heads before administration. I suspect that this practice has increased since administration. I have not been able to find a single instance of a pre-administration village head who ..
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footnotes 4. In the case of Samrangba (vide infra, p.96) his mother was also in danger. Samrangba having no father alive, it may have been felt that she was to some extent to blame for Samrangba's lack of discipline. footnotes 85 4. In the case of Samrangba (vide infra, p.96) his mother was also in..
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footnotes 5. This is a statement of fact, not a figure of speech. footnotes 85 5. This is a statement of fact, not a figure of speech. T86811
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footnotes 6. Vide note 4. footnotes 85 6. Vide note 4. T86812
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footnotes 7. For a close parallel, see J.H.Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.144. footnotes 85 7. For a close parallel, see J.H.Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.144. T86813
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footnotes 1. Certain clusters of Central Nzemi villages have not and never seem to have had boundaries between them. Until 1910 the present Laisong, Haijaichak and Kepelo formed the two large villages of Haijaichak and Laisong on the west slope of the Jiri River valley, and were both colonies which..
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footnotes 2. An Ao villager may prevent fellow-villagers cultivating his land if he so wishes, even though the community is cultivating the area in which his holding lies. The difference may gain be due to the relative plenty of cultivable land in the Ao country, and its scarcity in the Central ..
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footnotes 3. Vide infra, p. 106 footnotes 85 3. Vide infra, p. 106 T86831
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footnotes 4. It is uncertain whether the holder of the right of usufruct from tsami land could claim rent from another member of the same tsami. No case has arisen to settle the point. footnotes 85 4. It is uncertain whether the holder of the right of usufruct from tsami land could claim rent from ..
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footnotes 5. For the Kabui parallel, see Hodson, Naga Tribes of Manipur p. 172. footnotes 85 5. For the Kabui parallel, see Hodson, Naga Tribes of Manipur p. 172. T86833
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footnotes 6. Vide supra, p. 56. footnotes 85 6. Vide supra, p. 56. T86834
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footnotes 7. From the end of the harvest in December to the hoeing of the burned-off fields at the end of March, women use any time not taken up by any other household tasks in the preparation and dyeing of thread and in weaving cloth. A full supply of clothes for the household for that year must ..
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footnotes 8. In the dry Spring of 1946 a single fire near the writer's camp burned for 3 days and devastated 30 sq. miles of grass and woodland. footnotes 85 8. In the dry Spring of 1946 a single fire near the writer's camp burned for 3 days and devastated 30 sq. miles of grass and woodland. T86836
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footnotes 9. In the Central Nzemi area the average annual rainfall is of the order of 200 to 300 inches, most of which falls during June, July and August. footnotes 85 9. In the Central Nzemi area the average annual rainfall is of the order of 200 to 300 inches, most of which falls during June, ..
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footnotes 10. Vide supra, pp. 56. footnotes 85 10. Vide supra, pp. 56. T86838
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footnotes 11. In Asalu, Pokpat-ngi generally falls in the last week of August; in Laisong, about September 15th. footnotes 85 11. In Asalu, Pokpat-ngi generally falls in the last week of August; in Laisong, about September 15th. T86839
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footnotes 12. The average amount carried per domestic family unit is of the order of 90 to 100 loads of 60 lbs. footnotes 85 12. The average amount carried per domestic family unit is of the order of 90 to 100 loads of 60 lbs. T86840
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footnotes 13. Zao kasang ("true rice-beer") is a thick white beer made from rice-flour. It is the only kind offered at important ceremonies when food and drink are set out for the spirits, and is used on journeys and when working in the fields because of its filling and sustaining qualities. Ndui-..
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footnotes 14. Red, a favourite colour, was once produced by the Central Nzemi from rubia sikkimensis, and dark blue was derived from strobilanthus flaccidifolius. During a period of extreme Angami pressure the Central Nzemi banned the use of red dye and restricted the use of black or dark blue in ..
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footnotes 1. Because of the gentler slopes surrounding it, the Angami village of Kohima can use fields up to 7 miles from the settlement. It may be noted in passing that among the Naga tribes the distance a laden man can travel between rests is a universal measure. The uphill return journey to the ..
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footnotes 2. "With a taungya system on the other hand the low proportion of total cultivated land used at any one time implies that large settlements require a most unwieldy total farm area". Leach, Cultural Change with special reference to the Hill Tribes of Burma and Assam, p.260. footnotes 85 2...
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footnotes 3. Leach, op. cit. p.260-1. "In practice, where this ideal type of slow rotation taungya is in operation, as in the Kachin Triangle, the component villages of the village cluster tend to be widely dispersed. Segments of the same settlement group are often found several miles apart". ..
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footnotes 4. Vide supra, pp.28-29. footnotes 85 4. Vide supra, pp.28-29. T86861
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footnotes 5. Tesenmi, Impai and Bopungwemi are Northern Nzemi villages. The other sites are shown on the accompanying sketch-map. SKETCH nagasketchesM46900.jpg footnotes 85 5. Tesenmi, Impai and Bopungwemi are Northern Nzemi villages. The other sites are shown on the accompanying sketch-map. SKETCH..
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footnotes 6. Haichangnang of Asalu, who in 1946 was the senior member of the Nubumheungtsami, is eighth in descent from Mbairaong. footnotes 85 6. Haichangnang of Asalu, who in 1946 was the senior member of the Nubumheungtsami, is eighth in descent from Mbairaong. T86863
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footnotes 7. See Appendix B. footnotes 85 7. See Appendix B. T86864
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footnotes 8. In resettling a site it is usual to place the hangseoki in the positions they occupied in the earlier village. There are three reasons for this; the ritual associations of such sites, their generally strategic situation, and the labour involved in constructing afresh the large ..
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footnotes 9. Leach, op.cit., p.257. footnotes 85 9. Leach, op.cit., p.257. T86866
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footnotes 10. On the Northern Nzemi-Angami tribal border Nzemi villagers have for many generations seen a wet-rice terrace system carried on most efficiently and with great success. Only three Nzemi villages have adopted it, and it has not spread from these. This also suggests that the Nzemi have a..
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footnotes 1. Village rituals are always performed by the priests. Ceremonies in individual houses, whether as an accepted part of a village festival or purely privately, to cure sickness or avert misfortune, and usually performed by old men, but in some cases by old women. Elderly people, ..
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footnotes 2. Vide supra, p.112. footnotes 85 2. Vide supra, p.112. T86876
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footnotes 3. It may flare up briefly at any time when the young men are in active competition, especially at the catching of pigs and other sacrificial animals, when a high state of excitement prevails. At a minor feast in the summer the youths and girls dance in lines up and down the village ..
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footnotes 4. Vide supra, p.48. footnotes 85 4. Vide supra, p.48. T86878
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footnotes 5. The Nzemi have two theories about this custom. One is that the death is directly caused by the neglected and slighted ancestors; the other, and more common, holds that the hera think that since the man drinks first, he is older than his ancestors (the senior man is always the first to ..
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footnotes 6. Wormwood (hega-zing) is believed to be able to wound spirits as a spear does a man; spirits also cannot abide the smell of it. footnotes 85 6. Wormwood (hega-zing) is believed to be able to wound spirits as a spear does a man; spirits also cannot abide the smell of it. T86880
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footnotes 7. See T.C.Hodson, Naga Tribes of Manipur, pp.119 and 170. footnotes 85 7. See T.C.Hodson, Naga Tribes of Manipur, pp.119 and 170. T86881
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footnotes 8. Vide supra, p.29. footnotes 85 8. Vide supra, p.29. T86882
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footnotes 1. Vide supra, pp.124-133. footnotes 85 1. Vide supra, pp.124-133. T86891
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footnotes 2. Kepelo and Haijaichak, which split on a political issue regarding relations with the administration, is the only exception known to me. Those opposing the Government formed a separate village. footnotes 85 2. Kepelo and Haijaichak, which split on a political issue regarding relations ..
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footnotes 3. Compare the Konyak morung. (C. von Furer-Haimendorf, The Morung System of the Konyak Nagas, J.R.A.I., Vol. LXVIII, 1938, pp. 349-378. footnotes 85 3. Compare the Konyak morung. (C. von Furer-Haimendorf, The Morung System of the Konyak Nagas, J.R.A.I., Vol. LXVIII, 1938, pp. 349-378. ..
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footnotes 4. Central Nzemi folklore and tradition give a vivid and detailed picture of the functions of the kienga and hangseoki in unadministered conditions. These functions were, as I have mentioned in the Foreward, partially revived during the Japanese invasion of Assam in 1944, and considerable..
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footnotes 5. Vide supra, pp. 142-3. footnotes 85 5. Vide supra, pp. 142-3. T86895
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footnotes 6. All members of the village community, even the humblest, are entitled to their share at a feast of merit or a feast held by the kienga to which they belong, and in the past even slaves were entitled to this. footnotes 85 6. All members of the village community, even the humblest, are ..
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