The Nagas

Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture land tenure dividings between holdings theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square bracke...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture land tenure rent and land rights; transfer of land rights theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes w...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system almost all land under cultivation in dry rice theses Nzemi Thingje 1946 Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footn...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system choice of land for cultivation at Hga-ngi feast labour resources in rice cultivation; hiring labour theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A....
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system consolidation of rice fields theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system felling trees in slash and burn preparing the fields after burning; working unit; rice sowing ceremony theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system maize, millet, beans and other crops; vegetables theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indic...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system monsoon rains; weeding; units of labour for weeding theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes in...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system protection of crops from animals; traps and bird-scarers theses Nzemi Asalu Laisong Hangrum Nenglo Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, Unive...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system first-fruits festival; harvesting; threshing; carrying; gleaning; storage theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University Colleg...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system days of ritual and feasting during the harvest period theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes ...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system the importance of rice; other crops theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system cotton and chillies traded for salt; barter and sale theses Nzemi Bopungwemi Kohima Barak R. Maibong (Maibung) Mahur Diyung R. Jirigha...
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Chapter five: land tenure and agriculture the agricultural system use of coin theses Nzemi Asalu Mahur Laisong Magulong Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by ...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration mountainous and difficult terrain theses Nzemi Thumjang Klang Katsingpeo-ki Jiri R. Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes w...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration limit on rice production because of terrain and climate theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square br...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration only scattered pockets of cultivatable land, hence very long cycles of cultivation theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicate...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration because of defensive needs for large villages, cycle-migration necessary theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration early history of migrations; earlier sites of villages to be reused theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes with...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration migration-history of the Hangrum community theses Nzemi Hangrum 1940 Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square br...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration migration-histories of the Central Nzemi villages theses Mbairaong/ of Impoi Nzemi Hangrum Laisong Asalu Shongkai Paisa (Peisia) Hajaichak (Haijaichak) Khangnam Baladhan T...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration pressure of Angami and village migration theses Ritening/ of Asalu Kilungba/ of Gareolowa Nzemi Impoi Injaona Magulong Katang Hange Gareolowa Asalu Hasonghaju (Hasanhaju) ...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration famines and rice shortages; malaria pressure from the Kukis theses Nzemi Kuki <Biete Kuki <Rangkhol Kuki <Thado Asalu Asalu 1920 1934 Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, Univers...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration new settlement at Impoi lead by Namkiabuing; dream omens theses Namkiabuing Rintening Nzemi Asalu Impoi Gareolowa 1936 Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, Lo...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration ritual ceremonies on re-settling Impoi theses Nzemi Asalu Impoi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square bracket...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration pressures on land and crop failures theses Nzemi Kuki Impoi Asalu Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brack...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration phases of cycle-migration of villages theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets Central Nze...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration effects of Kuki immigration on cycle-migration; symptoms of over-population; attempts to introduce wet-rice terraced agriculture; reasons for failure theses Nzemi Kuki Asa...
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Chapter six: Cycle migration urgent problem of rice shortages; overpopulation theses Nzemi Asalu Laisong Tolpi (Tolpui) Nenglo Jiri R. Jenam R. Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London...
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Chapter seven: village rituals aims and structures of village rituals; sacrifice theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square bracke...
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Chapter seven: village rituals small rituals at each stage of agricultural cycle theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square bracke...
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Chapter seven: village rituals first-fruits festival, Pokpat-ngi; chase of sacrificial bull theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within sq...
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Chapter seven: village rituals Nkam-ngi festival or ritual to protect village theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets ...
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Chapter seven: village rituals Nsing-ngi feast, ritual to protect households theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets T...
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Chapter seven: village rituals analysis of the Hga-ngi ritual theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets Hga-ngi looks bo...
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Chapter seven: village rituals Hga-ngi feast; ritual concerned with the dead; sickness and death; rituals of curing theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indi...
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Chapter eight: conclusion types of grouping among Nzemi theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets (151) CHAPTER EIGHT. C...
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Chapter eight: conclusion moiety organization theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets The political structure reflects...
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Chapter eight: conclusion kinship groups of paternal kin theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets Upon the tsami organi...
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Chapter eight: conclusion divisions between autochthons and non-autochthons theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets In...
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Chapter eight: conclusion groupings into kienga or types of kinship group; military function theses Nzemi Hangrum Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes ...
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Chapter eight: conclusion Feasts of Merit theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets The same pattern of redistribution i...
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Chapter eight: conclusion marriage within the village; affinal ties theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets The tenden...
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Chapter eight: conclusion general village solidarity through kinship organization theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brack...
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Chapter eight: conclusion Appendix B statistics for North Cachar Hills theses Nzemi Betts/ U.V. 1950 M.A. thesis, University College, London footnotes indicated by boxes within square brackets PAGES 1...
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footnotes 1. Accurate figures in this connection are difficult to obtain. Those given here and in Chapter One are based on the results of the 1941 census as supplies by the Subdivisional Officer, Hafl...
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footnotes 2. See J.H.Hutton, "A Negrito Substratum in the Population of Assam", Man in India, 1927, p.258. Angami migration traditions relate that the Angami immigrants found in the present Angami cou...
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footnotes 3. Vide infra, pp. 118-139.
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footnotes 4. Khutuing informed me that he saw no need to present me with the usual axe and weaving implements as he would have difficulty in procuring them at such short notice and there was little li...
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footnotes 1. Stewart (Notes on Northern Cachar, J.A.S.B. Vol. XXIV, pp 656-675 and 685-691) calls them Aroong.
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footnotes 2. Stewart, op. cit., p. 588
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footnotes 3. Vide infra, Chapter Five, Land Tenure and Agriculture, pp 107-125, where this is dealt with in detail.
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footnotes 4. Where cattle are referred to, the domestic bison, Bos Frontalis, is meant.
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footnotes 1. The British occupation in 1879 effectively ended Angami raiding. During earlier operations in the Angami country a strong band of raiders slipped out from the then besieged Khonoma, raide...
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footnotes 2. Vide infra, pp. 126-151.
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footnotes 3. Vide infra, p. 145
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footnotes 4. The more individual work of the women is relatively unaffected by the size of the village, except that a larger share of the joint tasks, such as hoeing and weeding the fields, falls to t...
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footnotes 5. 'Upper' indicates the gate nearest to the main range or peak from which the spur derives, and 'lower' that furthest from it.
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footnotes 6. Stewart, op. cit., p. 589
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footnotes 7. Krre: the fortified circuit of a village, also a palisade or fence, and any space enclosed by a palisade or fence. Hence krre-poina, "little enclosure".
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footnotes 8. ntsukhang: a stone or rock. Ntsa is used of hearthstones only.
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footnotes 9. This was done during the Japanese invasion of Assam in the spring and summer of 1944, when the Nzemi revived many similar obsolete practices.
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footnotes 10. Hangseoki: from rahangmi, an unmarried youth. Similarly leoseoki, from heleomi, an unmarried girl. The Nzemi can give no translation of seoki here, but deny any connection with seoki, a ...
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footnotes 11. Ze: a bench, bed, or platform. The Nzemi can give no translation of nzun.
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footnotes 12. These combs are of two kinds, one coarse, for general use and the other fine, for the removal of vermin. Both measure about 6 inches long by 4 wide, and are made of bamboo splines bound ...
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footnotes 13. These are wooden cylinders 2 feet long and 18 inches in diameter, with a deerskin membrane at either end. They are beaten during the ceremonial spearing of wooden images during the winte...
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footnotes 14. Heramui is a potent and in many ways dangerous ceremony. The fourteen great spirits whose names are known are summoned one by one to a ceremonial feast set out as though on a table on th...
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footnotes 1. The only example of polygyny in the period 1940-6 occurred at Hangrum. The wife of the man concerned had borne him several daughters but no son, and as they were both no longer young, she...
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footnotes 2. The personal names of married persons are never used by the Central Nzemi, either in address or in the third person. The expressions "father of so-and-so", "mother of so-and-so", using th...
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footnotes 3. The rain-making ceremony must be performed by a man of the Neomi moiety. See also J.H.Hutton, "Races of Further Asia" Man in India, Vol. XII, No. 1, p.6, on the occurrence of dual organiz...
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footnotes 4. It is not known who was Nriami's wife.
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footnotes 5. Nui is believed to lie to the north-west of the present Nzemi country.
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footnotes 6. Compare the Angami putsa (Hutton, the Angami Nagas, pp. 115-117). The Nzemi word tsami appears to be derived from atsa (grandchild) and mi (people). The Magulong cluster use -nami from an...
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footnotes 7. There has been no Government survey, and there are no official figures of infant mortality rates among the Central Nzemi. Some information is obtainable from genealogical material, and in...
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footnotes 8. Vide infra, p.45-6
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footnotes 9. In 1935 a man named Hozekiemba returned to Laisong from Asalu, to which village his father had moved for reasons Hozekiemba was reluctant to disclose. An Asalu man, Haintseng, moved to Ma...
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footnotes 10. His personal property is inherited under a different rule. Lungdiliang is provided for during his father's lifetime. Namkia, the youngest son, makes a home for his parents in their old a...
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footnotes 11. Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.16 "In many Kacha Naga villages exogamous clans are found bearing the names of Khonoma clans, probably adopted as a result of their subjection to Khonoma". Th...
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footnotes 12. See Appendix A. (missing)
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footnotes 13. Hutton, The Angami Nagas, p.115.
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footnotes 14. The Western Nzemi claim that they still adhere to the orthodox rules of exogamy, and deplore the Central Nzemi custom of marrying within the moiety.
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footnotes 15. Vide supra, p.38, et infra, p. 131, 156.
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footnotes 16. From kade (land) and -peo (a man). But -peo might also be here -peo (father) as in apeo (my father) and anapeo (father-of-my-child, i.e. husband), suggesting a conception of authority in...
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footnotes 17. This is also the pattern of succession to the Angami office of kemovo. The kemovo, like the Nzemi kadepeo, is a descendant of the chief founder, but unlike the kemovo, the kadepeo has re...
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footnotes 18. It is impossible for a widower to entertain in the way expected of a kadepeo, for he has no wife to pound paddy, cook and brew and attend to the other tasks which fall to the Nzemi woman...
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footnotes 19. Vide infra, p. (sic)
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footnotes 20. The kilt assumed at puberty is the nzing-ni, a strip of handwoven cotton 40 inches long by 15 wide. It is blue-black in colour, and is worn almost exclusively by unmarried man.
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footnotes 21. Girls below the age of puberty may enter the hangseoki 'without shame' and when watching dances often sit on the benches in the body of the hall.
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footnotes 22. The rahangmi still form a guard at night. Strangers arriving in a village after sundown are challenged from the hangseoki, and Government messengers travelling after dark may be provided...
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footnotes 23. Vide infra, pp. 107,154.
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footnotes 24. See also pp.107,154.
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footnotes 25. Vide infra pp.141-2.
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footnotes 26. Vide supra, pp 28-9
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footnotes 27. An unmarried Nzemi youth is classed as a minor and his father is responsible for any debts he incurs.
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footnotes 28. A case occurred at Laisong in 1940. An Impoi youth courted a Laisong girl. He was assaulted by the Laisong rahangmi, who objected to his instrusion, and the negotiators he sent to the gi...
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footnotes 29. If a man dies before his son marries and the widow and children remain in the house, the eldest son takes over the house on marriage, his mother and younger brothers and sisters continui...
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footnotes 30. The Kabui Naga Feasts of Merit form a close parallel.
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footnotes 31. It should be noted that the large-scale feasts may also fall into abeyance where villages are so great that such feasts become impossibly expensive. This has occurred in certain Angami v...
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footnotes 32. In 1946 Ramkailungba of Hegokuloa stayed the night in a house in Jalwa and drank more than was wise. On seeing his host's wife, then a woman of 45, he remarked to his host that she had b...
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footnotes 33. A central Nzemi's hair is normally brushed down all round from the crown; it is cut to frame the face, and at the back it reaches the nape of the neck. It resembles some European styles ...
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