The Nagas

draft of Letter to J.H.Hutton letters notes photographs Hutton/ J.H. 1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Dear Sir, Though the international situation makes it very doubtful if I sha...
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Angami raids against the Zemi notes Namkia Angami Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection After one of the Angami raids the angry Zemis reformed and pursued them. The Angamis knew it, a...
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sexual liaisons among the Zemi notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Though liaisons appear to be conducted pretty freely between boys and girls, and even between older visitors...
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sexual liaisons among the Zemi illegitimate children and abortion notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Illegitimate children are secretly made away with, but abortion is practi...
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sexual liaisons among the Zemi sexual liaisons between young people notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection The young men's visits to the dekaichang take place pretty well nightly...
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sexual liaisons among the Zemi marriage notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection In contrast to the freedom before marriage, absolute fidelity is expected, at least of the wife, af...
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sexual liaisons among the Zemi illegitimate children notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection If a girl has only had one lover, and has a child by him, she may take the child strai...
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moving village sites notes Gaidelue Namkiagh/ of Impoi Zemi Hajaichak Nenglo Kepelo Impoi Asalu Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection One of the reasons for changing a village site is that...
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childbirth taboos notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection For 30 days after the birth of a child a father may not sleep on the same bed as his wife nor cohabit with her; any attem...
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menstrual taboos notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Blood from a woman's genital organs, i.e. blood from a birth, or menstrual discharge - is absolutely unclean to a man and ...
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'The Ancestors of the Zemi' - myth notes Nriami clan Neomi clan Namkiagh Zemi 7.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Nriami and his wife were created by God, then and a mithan. They ...
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jew's harp - musical instrument notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Ntho - Jew's Harp May not be played while grain is ripening, for fear of damage to the crop. SKETCH A.Strin...
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games: kaisang, taoki and kaina notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection "Kaisang" SKETCH Players put out counters alternately; player getting 3 in a line (as noughts & crosses...
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cannibalism notes Zemi Angami Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Cannibalism A tradition is extant that once the Angamis made a big raid and drove out a number of Zemi, and burnt their ...
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medical remedies notes Luikai Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Luikai recommends a little ginger chewed slowly for sore throat, and a raw egg for stomach trouble. Next Previous
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adultery notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection While great freedom is allowed to the unmarried (provided they do not carry on a liaison with one of their own clan) absolute fide...
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divorce notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection If a woman is not divorced for adultery or other fault but merely for incompatibility, her husband must pay some damages, usually s...
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homicide and murder notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Homicide Accidental killing, e.g. spearing a fellow villager in the confusion of a tiger-hunt, is punished with expulsi...
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theft notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Petty theft is not, and was not, punished. Major thefts are not common and were settled by restitution of the stolen goods; may still...
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giving birth notes Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Birth Delivery on a mat spread on the floor. (Query:" Burria aurat pakara, maurat bhi pakara," with gestures of holding...
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rats notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection When the bamboos die, the rats come. King of the Rats. huge rat leads party. One said to have been shot by Kukis; every 50 years. If t...
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bewitching tigers notes Namkia Zemi 20.7.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection A man who has lost many cattle or mithan by a tiger will do magic and make the tiger "pagal" so that it ...
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bad dreams notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Dreams To avert the consequences of a really bad dream, a man will go at once on rising, bath thoroughly and cut his hair, throw...
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hair-cutting notes Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection After an illness or indisposition a man will cut off a few hairs and throw them away "To cut off the fever." N. borrowe...
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meaning of dreams notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Dreams A tooth falling out means death or illness to near relative. To see a snake means the dreamer may receive a wound ...
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warrior's dress notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Warrior's Equipment A man going on the warpath fastens one cloth round him like a coat, and two, roughly folded, round his ...
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extracts on the arrest of Jadonang letters notes Jadonang Zemi Kabui 28.2.1931 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Re. arrest of Jadonang (extract from letter, author not known) A long p...
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extracts on the arrest of Gaidileu letters notes Gaidileu Gaipuiga/ of Kambiron Khengui/ of Kambiron Macdonald Jillakpon Jaddonang Zemi Pulomi (Kenoma) Kambiron 2.3.1931 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946...
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'The Lovers' - myth notes suicide Namkia Gumtuing/ of Nenglo Zemi 30.5.1940-31.5.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Many, many, many years ago a young man and a girl fell in love w...
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bees as messengers of love notes Namkia Zemi 16.3.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection In the old days it was said among the Zemis that if you tied a hair from your head to the leg o...
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rainbow round the sun notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection A big rainbow ring round the sun, such as is sometimes seen, is said to be "Heaven holding court" ("bichar") i.e., a ...
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stars; celts notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Shooting Stars Shooting stars are said to be stars "looking for a wife", "going to get married" or merely changing their place...
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'The Bird which would not Work' - myth notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once upon a time everyone went to dig out the beds of the streams,- everybody, Nagas and spirits too...
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celts and lightning notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection CELTS. (See Hutton, ANGAMIS, 403 et seq.) Celts are found in the fields and jungle. They are the "bullets" of the light...
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'The Owl and the Barking Deer' - myth notes Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection When the chief God of all was creating all the animals and people he decreed that dreams shoul...
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were-tigers notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Were-tigers are known by their pug-marks, which have five toes instead of only four. The old men say there is a spring far away...
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earthquakes notes herapeo Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Earthquakes are caused by a herapeo trying to turn the earth over with a crowbar. The scavenger beetle goes and tells h...
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'Nkiqui' - myth notes Namkia Zemi 16.7.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once upon a time there was a girl, an orphan, who got herself into trouble with one of the young men of th...
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'The Daughters-in-Law' - myth notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once there was an old man who had eight sons, and he got wives for all of them. Now the old man had a fine ne...
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'How Men learned to Fight' - myth notes head-taking Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once upon a time a girl went to fetch water, and in the pathway she saw two kinds of a...
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'How Men got Rice' - myth notes Ramgakpa Namkia Zemi 7.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Hutton, 'Angami Nagas' p.269 Long, long ago the chief Spirit called all the first men toge...
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'The Birth of the Spirits' - creation myth notes Katsingpeo Tsiuperai Zemi Mahadeo Mt. Japvo Mt. Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once there was a herapeo who lived alone, and he drea...
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digging sticks notes Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection TRADITIONS Many years ago, many, many years, the Nagas only had a few daos, which belonged to wealthy men; but they m...
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dancing daos notes Namkia Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Dancing daos were once common, but are now obsolete, though old men want them for their grave-goods. Namkia bought one ...
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salt notes Namkia Zemi Semkhor Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Once, too, the Nagas got no bazaar salt, but got the brine from Semkhor well, and either they or Semkhor (if that villa...
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Angami raiding notes Namkia Zemi Angami Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection In the old days the Angamis used to raid as far as Impoi. On one occasion the sentries set to watch for them w...
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stone-dragging accident notes Namkia Zemi Impoi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection THE ACCURSED STONE Many years ago Impoi were dragging a memorial stone for some celebrity, when the ma...
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raiding notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection When Zemi villages were at feud or on raiding terms sentries used to be set around the fields, always looking, looking for raiders....
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man-traps notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Formerly, it is said, certain unamiable individuals (or villages) used to set "deadfall" traps by paths used by travellers. The t...
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Angami raiding notes Iseing Namkia Namrebuing/ of Asalu Zemi Angami Izeingram Leikul Impoi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Izeingram On the hill across from Haflong, opposite Lower H...
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'Tsiuperai and Bangklawang' - myth notes Kamadile Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Tsiuperai, the spirit of the hill Japvo, courted Kamadile, the beautiful daughter of Bangklawan...
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'The Mithan' or 'Hugining' - myth notes Namkia Zemi 9.1940 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection A youth and a girl once lived in the same village and were lovers for a very long time but ...
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Angami raiding notes Zemi Angami Phellong (Impuilong) Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection The Angamis once raided Impuilong (Phellong) when the men were in the fields, killing the old pe...
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Shemkhor's cloth notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection headman of Shemkhor with Kachari Kings cloth Shemkhor's cloth Mokordhon the Kachari king gave it them on his death-bed, as...
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Tangkhul pottery-making notes Shangshum Tangkhul Nungbi Khulen Nungbi Khunou (Nungbi Khunao) Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection TANGKHUL NAGA POTTERY-MAKING Ursula Graham Bower In Manip...
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burial customs. notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection BURIAL CUSTOMS AMONG ZEMI NAGAS. When death is imminent those in the house raise a wailing and outcry, while one of them cl...
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slaves notes Haichangnang/ of Asalu Sogang/ of Asalu Imaba/ of Asalu Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Slaves among the Zemi were probably not numerous. They might be Zemi themsel...
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landslips notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection If a slip occurs in a jhum, the owner must perform a ceremony with a pig as sacrifice, or he or she will certainly be ill and/or ...
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Hangrum's migration notes Zemi Hangrum Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Migration Hangrum community arrived at their present position by the following stages, from Noui, their origina...
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sepoys notes Zemi Hangrum Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Note. The Hangrum brush with the sepoys. Information from the former bungalow chowkidar, who was arrested by the sepoys and ...
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marriage incest notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Incest. Occasionally occurs secretly between unmarried pairs, but is kept strictly secret. The young sinners will catch if ...
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marriage marriage links notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Formerly marriage tended to be with families whose daughters were regularly satisfactory; i.e. A marries Z, and his...
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marriage notes Ramgakpa Zemi Gobin Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Marriage (Gobin) A Senior member of boy's family, or failing him, a relative, broaches the matter with the girl's f...
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Angami raiding and migrations of Impoi notes Mbairong/ of Impoi Songang Namkreubuing Namrebuing Haitsangnang Haikelungba/ of Asalu Zemi Impoi Asalu Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Mb...
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migration of the Zemi notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection All the Zemi came from Remdi (Remdhi), from which they went to Remna, from which they went to Nui; thence Thusann; Im...
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divorce notes Zemi Laisong (Laison) Kepelo Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Laison-Kepelo divorce case. Girl (K) married boy (L). No child after 3 years. Girl ran away home. Boy expre...
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scarcity in Impoi - report notes Ritening/ of Impoi Baker/ Stuart <S.D.O. Perry/ Mr. Booth/ Mr. Zemi Impoi Gareoloa Asalu Gamvom Ngalsong Hakaokhang Tole Pangmual Longkhai (Longkai) 10.1945 Graham Bow...
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exogamy notes Nriami clan Neomi clan Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Exogamous Groups The Zemi have two main divisions, Nriami and Neomi, both of which call their fathers apeo a...
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notes on Nenglo village notes Zemi Nenglo Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Notes on Nenglo Village (Zemi Naga), North Cachar Hills. 1. This is a village of 40 odd houses and one of th...
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head-taking notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Ho Ho asan Ka-ha-zam! Ambo, Ambo! (Heads taken; a repetition for each head taken). Ho Ho-hazam, hazam - Ao-ee! (Enemy wounded, ...
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conditions of marriage incest notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Incest It would seem that while originally the Nriami and probably the Nkuoami were strictly exogamous groups...
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conditions of marriage love marriages notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Many marriages are the result of a couple falling in love and of a courtship in the dekachang and els...
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conditions of marriage parents' role in marriage-making notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection When the parents of an eligible young man feel it is time he married, they begin to...
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conditions of marriage bride-price notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection On the day, the boy's parents go to the girl's house with a party of friends and kinsmen, choosing the b...
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conditions of marriage elopement notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection The above-mentioned ceremonies are those customary in a formal marriage, generally between families of som...
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conditions of marriage residence after marriage notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Residence and place of cohabitation Husband and wife live in the same house. A young couple...
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conditions of marriage bride-price notes Zemi Asalu Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection One girl in Asalu cost her father-in-law - nominally, at least - over Rs 200/-, which included Rs ...
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Naga nationalism notes articles 1961 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection [9] [draft article] The Commonwealth's Unknown War : a summing-up by Ursula Graham Bower For the best part of sev...
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agriculture - harvesting notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Agriculture If a villager is having difficulty in getting his crop reaped, through illness or other causes, his fe...
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Halei-na genna notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection [11] Halei-Na (March) (Heramui must be performed before this genna. After Heramui cucumbers, maize and kachu are planted in ...
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Halei-na genna first day. Harrok-na (jhum-firing genna) notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 1st day. Harrok-na (jhum-firing genna). Formerly it was forbidden to bring water in...
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Halei-na genna second day. Halei-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 2nd day. Halei-na. The village is strictly closed. Everyone rises fasting. The old man of the house, or...
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Halei-na genna third day. Ka-ntoa-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 3rd day. Ka-ntoa-na. In the morning the young men go fasting to a place near the path below the villag...
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Halei-na genna fourth day. Kangim-bu-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 4th day. Kangim-bu-na. The village is strictly closed. No water may be carried or work done. The gi...
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Halei-na genna fifth day. Ntoa-gwa-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 5th day. Ntoa-gwa-na. First thing in the morning the buck who planted the rice goes fasting with one ...
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Halei-na genna sixth day. Haba-para-piak-penna notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 6th day. Haba-para-piak-penna. In the morning all the women and girls go to the path below t...
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Halei-na genna seventh day. Kan-tsi-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 7th day. Kan-tsi-na. On this day, or any convenient day when going to the jhums, each man makes a li...
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Halei-na genna eighth day. Heliem-zao-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 8th day. Heliem-zao-na. No field work is done, but the village is not closed. All is made ready fo...
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Halei-na genna ninth day. Heliem-na notes Zemi Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection 9th day. Heliem-na. The pig is turned loose and caught by the bucks in the morning, and is then taken t...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower preparations for trip to Kakadan letters notes Abung Shamshu Arjun Jeffery/ C.F. Gaideleu 6.1.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection January 6th 1939 c...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower preparations for trip to Nungbi and Chingjaroi letters notes Ukhrul 12.2.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Feb 12th 1939 Ukhrul, Manipur State My ...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower description of servants letters notes Luikai/ of Nungbi Khunao Abung Saknio/ of Ukhrul Chinaorang/ of Nungbi Khunao Chingjaroi 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower witchcraft at Jessami letters notes Khizami Jessami 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection We had a spot of bother on arriving here from Kharasom....
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower were-tiger letters notes Luchai 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection On my last trip I went to a Tangkhul village called Luchai, and during the ...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower flirting letters notes Saknio 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection We have just been holding the morning dispensary, which was interrupted by gi...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower women; spitting letters notes 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection All the women who have nothing else to do have come into the basha uninvitd a...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower film letters notes 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection Kodaks have sent up a parcel of cine films, most of which are pretty good; I'm most reli...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower medical work letters notes 30.3.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection I am due back in Imphal on April 20th, but considering how little we have adhere...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower back to Imphal; sadness at leaving letters notes 21.4.1939 Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection April 21st Well, here we are back in Imphal at last, the p...
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letters from Ursula Graham Bower description of Luikai letters notes Luikai Graham Bower/ Ursula 1937-1946 private collection [first part of letter missing] [Luikai] first arrived as my permanent cool...
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