The Nagas

letters between Walker and Mills about the Konyak area letters notes Walker/ G.E.D. Mills/ J.P. Adams Konyak 26.3.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 Copy of D.O. no. AXV-1-47/8 dated 26th March 1947 from the...
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letter from Pawsey to Mills about the unadministered area letters notes Mills Pawsey/ C.R. Adams/ P.F. Archer Walker/ G.E.D. Totok Chi (Chui) Wakching 30.4.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 17:33 Secret. D....
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letter from Pawsey to Archer about grave effigies and the future of the Konyak area letters notes Sema Konyak Ketsaovoma (Ketsapomi) 23.4.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 9:34 Camp Melrose, 23/4/47 My Dear...
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notes from Archer's tour diary about house horns and gennas tours notes Pawsey Kosazu Kigwema Khonoma 16.1.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 15:9 (see tour diary) 16 January. The jeep returned yesterday wit...
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notes of talks on future of the Nagas notes Pawsey Mills/ Philip Hydari Aliba Imti Sailo Kohima 24.8.1947-2.9.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 2:13 August 24 - September 2. Kohima - talks with Pawsey - vis...
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memories of war and the Japanese notes Nikalhu Angami Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 2:14 Nikalhu (Angami) It was not the firing but the bombing. You would be sitting eating your rice. Then suddenly down woul...
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Naga independence notes Mayang Khonoma 31.3.1947 Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 2:15 March 31 1947 When I returned from tour at the end of March, I found that Mayang had undergone a change. Delhi had frighten...
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Konyak customs notes Mauwang/ of Longkhai Chingai Longkhai Kongan (Kongon) Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 2:16 'Formerly took heads and all our harvests were good. Nowadays Govt. has stopped us bringing heads...
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sexual behaviour notes Zopianga Angami Ao Konyak Sema Yimchungr Sangtam Archer/ W.G. 1946-1948 2:17 Zop and Angamis' views of sex - the breasts are everything - holding the breasts is the only form of...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills diaries Archer/ W.G. Pawsey/ Charles Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 In June 1947 - two months before the declaration of Indian Independence - I jo...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf diaries Furer-Haimendorf/ Christoph Tasker/ Sir Theodore Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 He owed this dramatic turn ...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills J.P. Mills diaries Mills/ J.P. Furer-Haimendorf/ Christoph Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Christoph had owed his admission to the Naga Hills to hi...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills W.G. Archer's previous work in India diaries Elwin/ Verrier Furer-Haimendorf/ Christoph Mills Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Christoph and his wif...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills first news of Indian independence diaries Kohima Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Unlike the tribal people of Bihar, the Nagas had a variety of loca...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills Naga view of independence diaries Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Although it was not clear what the future held for us, I myself was determined to...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills diaries Kohima Mokokchung Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 In order to understand the political developments in this diary it is perhaps necessary t...
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British Colonial administration in the Naga Hills wider implications of the Naga situation diaries Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 It may at first seem that the subject of the Naga Hills and its re...
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Bengal to Charali diaries Hutton Mills Charali Nakachari Stn. 9.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 (2) 9 July. Charali. As the train ran through the afternoon sun, the flat paddy fields and scr...
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walk to Mokokchung diaries Ao Lakhuni (Lakuni) Mokokchung 10.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 10 July, Lakuni. This morning Naga villagers gathered to serve as porters and we set off on the w...
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walk to Mokokchung village headmen diaries Damant Ao 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 12 July. Chungtia. We are now over the first two mountain ranges and I am exploring more and more Ao v...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 In the afternoon after the day's march is finished we go and visit a village. Today we went to Chu...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung womens' dress diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Some of the Christian women had skirts and shapeless blouses, but the rest were nake...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung graves diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 As we neared the village, we passed the grave-yard. The Aos erect a little thatched shed ab...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 The headmen received us at the gate and conducted us along the street. Dogs barked, sows and pigle...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung smoking diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Up on the bamboo verandahs above our heads old women sat grinning with their toothless mou...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung houses and house carvings diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Like many Ao villages Chungtia is built on a steep hillside and, althoug...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung morung and morung carvings diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 In the middle of the village was the morung or bachelors' dormitory. It...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung log drums diaries Ao Chungtia Aliba 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But the most exciting things in Chungtia and its neighbour, Aliba, are the log dru...
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visit to Chungtia walk to Mokokchung diaries Ao Chungtia 12.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 As we left the village the light faded. The Brahmaputra was still a line on the horizon, but now i...
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Mokokchung, a centre of Colonial Administration diaries Mokokchung 14.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 14 July. Mokokchung. At last we have reached Mokokchung. There is no village here - it i...
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Mokokchung, a centre of Colonial Administration District Officer's bungalow diaries Mokokchung 14.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Our bungalow is on the top of a hill with vast views of moun...
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Naga political consciousness prior to the formation of the Naga National Council (NNC) diaries Mayang Nokcha Subong Ao Aliba Imti 18.7.1947 .1946 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 18 July. Mokokchung...
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Naga reactions to news of impending Indian independence diaries Mayang Nokcha Angami Kacha Ao Lhota 18.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 When the news of Indian independence broke, it seems th...
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NNC meeting at Wokha, June 1946 diaries Kevichusa 18.7.1947 6.1946 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 These differences in viewpoint were fully existent when the N.N.C. met at Wokha, midway between Mo...
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various views on Naga independence from the newspaper 'The Naga Nation', from October 1946 diaries 18.7.1947 10.1946 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But although the Wokha resolution was passed una...
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sub-committee elected in Delhi to advise on the constitution of the Naga Hills, December 1946 diaries Bardoloi/ Gopinath Roy/ J.M. Nichols Thakkar/ A.V. Brahma/ Rupnath Mayang Nokcha 18.7.1947 12.1946...
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NNC meeting in Kohima, February 1947, agree to demand a ten year interim government diaries Kevichusa Mayang Nokcha 18.7.1947 2.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 It was now that Angami dissatisf...
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sub-committee in Delhi reject demand for an interim government; resignation of Mayang Nokcha diaries Mayang Nokcha 18.7.1947 2.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 A few days later Mayang left for ...
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abortive sub-committee visit to Kohima, May 1947 diaries Kevichusa Mayang Nokcha Aliba Imti Thakkar/ A.V. Kohima 18.7.1947 5.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 After the Delhi fiasco, there was a...
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visit of Sir Akbar Hydari, newly appointed Governor of Assam, to Kohima, and agreement reached on a ten year interim government diaries Hydari/ Sir Akbar 18.7.1947 6.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12...
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differing reactions to the Hydari agreement and the Khonoma groups secession from the NNC diaries Mayang Aliba Hydari/ Sir Akbar 18.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Opinion about this agreeme...
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rejection of the Hydari agreement by the Delhi committee, June 1947 diaries Aliba Imti 18.7.1947 6.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 A week after the Governor's visit, the Delhi Committee met in...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 diaries Aliba Imti Gandhi Jinnah Mayang Nokcha Hopongki Imlong Mokokchung 21.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 21 July. Mokokchung. To...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 hymns and football diaries Mokokchung 22.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 22 July. Mokokchung. Yesterday afternoon the delegates were...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 the Governor's 'agreement' diaries Kevichusa Nehru Mokokchung 23.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 23 July. Mokokchung. This morning t...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 right to decide own future after ten years diaries Mayang Nokcha Mokokchung 24.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 24 July. Mokokchung. ...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 decision of NNC to demand revised Governor's agreement or declare independence on 15th August diaries Mayang Nokcha Mokokchung 25.7.1947 Arche...
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meeting of Naga National Council in Mokokchung, July 1947 diaries Mayang Nokcha Longri Ao Mokokchung 27.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 27 July. Mokokchung. All today the local Aos have been...
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delegation of 'rebel' Nagas to Delhi, 18th July 1947 diaries Jinnah Bardoloi Roy/ Nichols 29.7.1947 18.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 29 July. Mokokchung. News is at last coming through of ...
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Mayang Nokcha agrees to go with the Delhi delegation diaries Mayang Nokcha 30.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 30 July. Mokokchung. The choice of Mayang's substitute has at last proved unnece...
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head-taking in the tribal area diaries 30.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Meanwhile trouble of another kind has come to a head. Beyond the frontier lies a great tract of unadministered hills...
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head-taking in the tribal area two Kalyu-Kengyu villages attack a third diaries Kalyu-Kengyu 30.7.1947 3.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 All this year head-taking raids have been gradually inc...
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head-taking in the tribal area kidnapping of two children by Shamnyu as slaves for Tsawlaw diaries Chang Shamnyu Tsawlaw 30.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Then a little later, the Chang vil...
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head-taking in the tribal area Pangsha raid on Shamnyu diaries Pangsha Shamnyu 30.7.1947 6.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But the punishment of Shamnyu did not stop there. Thinking this too g...
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head-taking in the tribal area Tsawlaw raid on Konyak village of Wangpi diaries Konyak Tsawlaw Wangpi 30.7.1947 7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 This ended for the time being all raids in thi...
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head-taking in the tribal area raid on Banglao diaries Banglao 30.7.1947 7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Finally only a few days ago has come the news of a massacre at Banglao. Four villages...
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head-taking in the tribal area diaries 30.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Since head-taking is getting steadily worse, Bill has decided that a conference with the Deputy Commissioner must be...
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life in Mokokchung diaries Mokokchung 31.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 31 July. Mokokchung. Now that the Delhi delegation has left, Mokokchung seems oddly peaceful. One day is very like an...
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life in Mokokchung servants diaries Shoizhu Zukoto Mokokchung 31.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Of our seven Naga servants, Shoizhu, our bearer, is the chief. He is more than forty but is a...
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life in Mokokchung training of interpreters diaries Kahutu Zehovi Aohukyu Rivhemo Sakhalu/ of Sakhalu Pawsey Pilow/ of Pangsha Shoizhu Mokokchung 31.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But almos...
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life in Mokokchung visits from villages diaries Mokokchung 31.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 During the day villagers are always calling. They are a mixed crowd. There is the educated Chris...
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life in Mokokchung visit from Pangsha diaries Pilow Mokokchung Pangsha 31.7.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Most of the callers are from villages in the administered territory which has now be...
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fate of the Delhi delegation diaries Mayang Nokcha 6.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 6 August. Mokokchung. Since Mayang and the delegation left, no news of any kind has come. No one knows wh...
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article on Naga case from 'The Statesman', August 1947 diaries 6.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Yesterday The Statesman concisely reviewed the Naga case and urged a greater show of sympathy...
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extract from the 'Assam Tribune' on Naga case diaries 6.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Even the Assam Tribune with all its plains' outlook is obviously unimpressed by the Assam Government's...
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news from Delhi diaries Longri Nehru 7.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 7 August. Mokokchung. Today the silence was abruptly broken. A wire has come from Longri. The Nagas are now in Delhi an...
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life in Mokokchung isolation of Mokokchung diaries Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 8 August. Mokokchung Never have our contacts with the outside world been so slender. Letters n...
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life in Mokokchung news of trouble in East and West Punjab diaries Sachdev/ Mr Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Occasionally our fastnesses are broken into by a visitor from the ...
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life in Mokokchung news of referendum in Assam diaries Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Another day a P.W.D. engineer came up the hills and began aligning a new road. He was a Be...
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life in Mokokchung American missionary diaries Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Yet another day an American Baptist missionary passed through. He was on his way from a refresher ...
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life in Mokokchung Bengali doctor diaries Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But a more constant link with the world is our Bengali doctor and his wife. For them life in Mokokchung...
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life in Mokokchung Naga experience outside the Naga Hills diaries Imlong Mokokchung 8.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 A few of the wealthier Nagas have been outside the Naga hills and can se...
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trip to Kohima visit to Lungkham diaries Sankalemba/ of Lungkham Ao Lungkam (Lungkham) 9.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 9 August. Lungkham. Today we set off on the first stage of our trek t...
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trip to Kohima Maromi Primary School diaries Maromi 10.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 10 August. Litami. Today the bridle path was like an English summer glade. The trees were dappled with ...
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trip to Kohima Litami inspection bungalow diaries Litami Wokha Mt. 10.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 We reached Litami hot and tired, with the sun still high in the sky. Outside the bungalo...
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trip to Kohima diaries Doyang river Koio 11.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 11 August. Koio. Lungkham is the end of the Ao country; Litami is on the edge of the Sema, and now we are amongst ...
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trip to Kohima suspension bridge over the Doyang River diaries 11.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 The river was in spate, eddying under the bridge a thick greyish white. I noticed that the s...
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trip to Kohima Naga tea making diaries 11.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 As we rested by the water, the Nagas made some tea. To do this they cut chungas which are the usual Naga cup. They t...
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trip to Kohima pigs diaries 11.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 We were accompanied today by the ear-splitting squeals of pigs. Three men and a small boy were taking them on their backs. The ...
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trip to Kohima mithan diaries 11.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 As we rounded a bend, I saw my first mithan, a huge lumbering black beast, a cross between an ox and a bison. Mithan are kept...
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visit to Wokha trip to Kohima diaries Lhota 12.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 12 August. Wokha. Today we reached Wokha, the scene of the first N.N.C. meeting and the administrative centre f...
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visit to Wokha trip to Kohima school diaries Lhota 12.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 In the afternoon we went to see the school. Unfortunately even in the Naga Hills, education is beginning...
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visit to Wokha trip to Kohima hospital diaries Lhota 12.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 From the school we went to the hospital. There is a keen Ao Naga doctor and the wards were overflowing...
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visit to Wokha trip to Kohima NNC meeting in Kohima diaries Mayang Lhota 12.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 News has at last come through from Delhi. Mayang has summoned the N.N.C. to meet a...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima diaries Lhota Yekhum Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 14 August. Sanis. Yesterday and today, a march to Yekhum and Sanis. In these Lhota vill...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima women's dress diaries Lhota 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 The Lhotas, especially the women, seem drabber and far uglier than the Aos. All the Lh...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima Mungkhau of Sanis and polygamy diaries Mungkhau/ of Sanis Lhota Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 But some of the men were big and burly and t...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima morungs diaries Lhota Yekhum Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 At both Yekhum and Sanis the morungs were falling into disrepair and only the p...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima child-birth ritual diaries Lhota Yekhum 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 There was a michem tree just outside Yekhum, where after a child is born, ...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima head-tree diaries Lhota Yekhum Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 At one end of the village was a large head-tree, but there were no bamboos wi...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima headman's grave diaries Lhota Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Today we saw the grave of a headman who had just died. He was buried outside t...
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visit to Yekhum and Sanis trip to Kohima memorials to head-takers and tiger killers diaries Lhota Sanis 14.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 Outside the village we saw a number of criss-cross ...
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trip to Kohima Independence day at Sanis diaries Sanis 15.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 15 August. Independence Day. Sanis. Today seemed just like any other day. There was the usual (43) s...
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trip to Kohima Naga system of justice diaries Yekhum 16.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 16 August. Yekhum. Today has gone in settling disputes and I was amazed to see how smoothly the Naga s...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi diaries Nchemo 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 19 August. Wokha. We are now back in Wokha and at last there is news of Delhi. Nchemo, the chairman of ...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi diaries Singh/ Tarlok Ramadhyani Nehru Mayang 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 When the Nagas reached Delhi, Mayang at once approached Tarlok Singh, Ne...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi interview with Nehru diaries Mayang Nehru Longri 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 The interview seems to have opened smoothly with Mayang explaining Na...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi press communiques diaries Nehru 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 The next day a press communique appeared, '"We can give you complete autonomy but neve...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi NNC resolve to boycott Indian Independence day diaries 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 'At that stage, 'Nchemo said, 'everything seemed to be pointing...
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NNC delegation to see Nehru in Delhi Khonoma group declare Naga Independence diaries 19.8.1947 Archer/ Mildred 9.7.1947-4.12.1947 When Nchemo left Kohima on the 15th morning, the Khonoma group had alr...
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